The main performance characteristics of laminated insulation materials can be summarized as follows, which make them widely used in fields such as power, electronics, transportation, and new energy

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### **1. Electrical Properties**

-High Dielectric Strength:

Can withstand high voltage without breakdown, for example, the dielectric strength of epoxy glass cloth laminates can reach 20-40 kV/mm.

-Low Dielectric Loss:

The dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) is small in high-frequency applications, such as PTFE laminates, which are suitable for high-frequency circuits.

-Arc Resistance:

Some materials, such as phenolic laminates, can withstand arc erosion and are suitable for insulation of switch contacts.

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### **2. Mechanical Properties**

-High Strength&Rigidity:

The flexural strength of glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminates can reach 300-500 MPa, making them suitable for structural support components.

-Impact Resistance:

Some laminated products, such as cotton based phenolic boards, have good toughness.

-Dimensional Stability:

The hot pressing process reduces internal stress and is not easily deformed under temperature and humidity changes.

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### **3. Thermal Properties**

-Heat Resistance:

-Ordinary epoxy laminates can withstand temperatures of 130-155 ° C, while silicone or polyimide laminates can withstand temperatures of 200-300 ° C.

-Maintain insulation performance at high temperatures (such as mica laminate).

-Low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE):

The thermal expansion coefficient of glass fiber based materials is close to that of metals, making them suitable for bonding with metal components such as PCB substrates.

-Thermal Conductivity:

Some materials, such as aluminum based copper-clad laminates, have both insulation and thermal conductivity functions and are used in heat dissipation scenarios.

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### **4. Chemical&Environmental Resistance**

-Chemical Resistance:

Epoxy resin based materials are resistant to acid, alkali, and oil, and are suitable for chemical equipment.

-Moisture Resistance:

Low moisture absorption rate (such as polyester film laminates), to avoid insulation performance degradation caused by humidity.

-Weather Resistance:

UV stabilized laminated materials can be used outdoors, such as composite insulators.

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### **5. Safety Properties**

-Flame retardancy:

Compliant with UL94 V-0 standard (such as flame-retardant epoxy board), used for home appliances and new energy vehicle battery packs.

-Non toxic and environmentally safe:

Halogen free materials comply with the RoHS directive and are suitable for the electronics industry.

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### **6. Processability**

-Customizability:

By adjusting the combination of substrates (paper, cloth, fiberglass) and resins (epoxy, phenolic) to meet different needs.

-Machinability:

Can be drilled, cut, and stamped (such as PCB processing).

-* * Adhesion * *:

The surface can be coated with copper or metal, used for electronic circuits (such as copper-clad laminates).

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###* * Key Performance Comparison Table**

|* * Performance * * | * * Typical Material Examples * * | * * Application Scenarios * *|

|-------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|

|High insulation strength | Epoxy glass cloth board (FR-4) | High voltage transformer PCB             |

|High frequency low loss | PTFE laminated board | 5G communication base station antenna|

|High temperature resistance (>200 ° C) | Polyimide/Organosilicon laminates | Aerospace motors, electric vehicles|

|Flame retardant V-0 grade | Flame retardant phenolic cardboard | Household appliance insulation bracket|

|High mechanical strength | Epoxy glass fiber laminated rod | Composite insulator core rod|

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###* * Summary**

The core advantage of laminated insulation materials lies in their multifunctionality: through material combination and process optimization, they can simultaneously meet electrical, mechanical, thermal, and environmental tolerance requirements. Different industries choose laminated products that are suitable for specific working conditions (such as voltage, temperature, mechanical load), for example:

-The power industry prioritizes high insulation strength and arc resistance;

-The electronics industry focuses on dielectric loss and dimensional stability;

-High temperature environments (such as new energy vehicles) require heat-resistant materials (organic silicon/polyimide).

These performance characteristics make it an irreplaceable key material in modern industry.